The Go programming language was first publicly announced in 2009, since then the language has become widely adopted. In particular Go has become a reference in the world of cloud infrastructure with big projects like Kubernetes, OpenShift or Terraform for example.

Some of the main reasons for Go’s increasing popularity are the performances, the ease to write fast concurrent application, the simplicity of the language and fast compilation time. So let’s see how to get started with Go on Fedora.

Install Go in Fedora

Fedora provides an easy way to install the Go programming language via the official repository.

$ sudo dnf install -y golang
$ go version
go version go1.12.7 linux/amd64

Now that Go is installed, let’s write a simple program, compile it and execute it.

First program in Go

Let’s write the traditional “Hello, World!” program in Go. First create a main.go file and type or copy the following.

package main import "fmt" func main() { fmt.Println("Hello, World!")
}

Running this program is quite simple.

$ go run main.go
Hello, World!

This will build a binary from main.go in a temporary directory, execute the binary, then delete the temporary directory. This command is really great to quickly run the program during development and it also highlights the speed of Go compilation.

Building an executable of the program is as simple as running it.

$ go build main.go
$ ./main
Hello, World!

Using Go modules

Go 1.11 and 1.12 introduce preliminary support for modules. Modules are a solution to manage application dependencies. This solution is based on 2 files go.mod and go.sum used to explicitly define the version of the dependencies.

To show how to use modules, let’s add a dependency to the hello world program.

Before changing the code, the module needs to be initialized.

$ go mod init helloworld
go: creating new go.mod: module helloworld
$ ls
go.mod main main.go

Next modify the main.go file as follow.

package main import "github.com/fatih/color" func main () { color.Blue("Hello, World!")
}

In the modified main.go, instead of using the standard library “fmt” to print the “Hello, World!”. The application uses an external library which makes it easy to print text in color.

Let’s run this version of the application.

$ go run main.go
Hello, World! 

Now that the application is depending on the github.com/fatih/color library, it needs to download all the dependencies before compiling it. The list of dependencies is then added to go.mod and the exact version and commit hash of these dependencies is recorded in go.sum.

I recently encountered a problem at work where a client’s Windows 10 PC lost trust to the domain. The user is an executive and the hindrance of his computer can affect real-time mission-critical tasks. He gave me 30 minutes to resolve the issue while he attended a meeting.

Needless to say, I’ve encountered this issue many times in my career. It’s an easy fix using the Windows 7/8/10 installation media to reset the Administrator password, remove the PC off the domain and rejoin it. Unfortunately it didn’t work this time. After 20 minutes of scouring the net and scanning through the Microsoft Docs with no success, I turned to my development machine running Fedora with hopes of finding a solution.

With dnf search I found a utility called chntpw:

$ dnf search windows | grep password

According to the summary, chntpw will “change passwords in Windows SAM files.”

Little did I know at the time there was more to this utility than explained in the summary. Hence, this article will go through the steps I used to successfully reset a Windows local user password using chntpw and a Fedora Workstation Live boot USB. The article will also cover some of the features of chntpw used for basic user administration.

Installation and setup

If the PC can connect to the internet after booting the live media, install chntpw from the official Fedora repository with:

$ sudo dnf install chntpw

If you’re unable to access the internet, no sweat! Fedora Workstation Live boot media has all the dependencies installed out-of-the-box, so all we need is the package. You can find the builds for your Fedora version from the Fedora Project’s Koji site. You can use another computer to download the utility and use a USB thumb drive, or other form of media to copy the package.

First and foremost we need to create the Fedora Live USB stick. If you need instructions, the article on How to make a Fedora USB stick is a great reference.

Once the key is created shut-down the Windows PC, insert the thumb drive if the USB key was created on another computer, and turn on the PC — be sure to boot from the USB drive. Once the live media boots, select “Try Fedora” and open the Terminal application.

Also, we need to mount the Windows drive to access the files. Enter the following command to view all drive partitions with an NTFS filesystem:

$ sudo blkid | grep ntfs

Most hard drives are assigned to /dev/sdaX where X is the partition number — virtual drives may be assigned to /dev/vdX, and some newer drives (like SSDs) use /dev/nvmeX. For this example the Windows C drive is assigned to /dev/sda2. To mount the drive enter:

$ sudo mount /dev/sda2 /mnt

Fedora Workstation contains the ntfs-3g and ntfsprogs packages out-of-the-box. If you’re using a spin that does not have NTFS working out of the box, you can install these two packages from the official Fedora repository with:

$ sudo dnf install ntfs-3g ntfsprogs

Once the drive is mounted, navigate to the location of the SAM file and verify that it’s there:

$ cd /mnt/Windows/System32/config
$ ls | grep SAM
 SAM
 SAM.LOG1
 SAM.LOG2

Clearing or resetting a password

Now it’s time to get to work. The help flag -h provides everything we need to know about this utility and how to use it:

$ chntpw -h
chntpw: change password of a user in a Windows SAM file,
or invoke registry editor. Should handle both 32 and 64 bit windows and
all version from NT3.x to Win8.1
chntpw [OPTIONS] [systemfile] [securityfile] [otherreghive] […]
 -h This message
 -u Username or RID (0x3e9 for example) to interactively edit
 -l list all users in SAM file and exit
 -i Interactive Menu system
 -e Registry editor. Now with full write support!
 -d Enter buffer debugger instead (hex editor), 
 -v Be a little more verbose (for debuging)
 -L For scripts, write names of changed files to /tmp/changed
 -N No allocation mode. Only same length overwrites possible (very safe mode)
 -E No expand mode, do not expand hive file (safe mode)

Usernames can be given as name or RID (in hex with 0x first)
See readme file on how to get to the registry files, and what they are.
 Source/binary freely distributable under GPL v2 license. See README for details.
 NOTE: This program is somewhat hackish! You are on your own!

Use the -l parameter to display a list of users it reads from the SAM file:

$ sudo chntpw -l SAM
chntpw version 1.00 140201, (c) Petter N Hagen
Hive name (from header): <\SystemRoot\System32\Config\SAM>
ROOT KEY at offset: 0x001020 * Subkey indexing type is: 686c 
File size 65536 [10000] bytes, containing 7 pages (+ 1 headerpage)
Used for data: 346/37816 blocks/bytes, unused: 23/7016 blocks/bytes.

| RID -|---------- Username ------------| Admin? |- Lock? --|
| 01f4 | Administrator | ADMIN | dis/lock |
| 01f7 | DefaultAccount | | dis/lock |
| 03e8 | defaultuser0 | | dis/lock |
| 01f5 | Guest | | dis/lock |
| 03ea | sysadm | ADMIN | |
| 01f8 | WDAGUtilityAccount | | dis/lock |
| 03e9 | WinUser | | |

Now that we have a list of Windows users we can edit the account. Use the -u parameter followed by the username and the name of the SAM file. For this example, edit the sysadm account:

$ sudo chntpw -u sysadm SAM
chntpw version 1.00 140201, (c) Petter N Hagen
Hive name (from header): <\SystemRoot\System32\Config\SAM>
ROOT KEY at offset: 0x001020 * Subkey indexing type is: 686c 
File size 65536 [10000] bytes, containing 7 pages (+ 1 headerpage)
Used for data: 346/37816 blocks/bytes, unused: 23/7016 blocks/bytes.
 
================= USER EDIT ==================== 

RID : 1002 [03ea]
Username: sysadm
fullname: SysADM
comment : 
homedir : 

00000220 = Administrators (which has 2 members) 
 
Account bits: 0x0010 =
[ ] Disabled | [ ] Homedir req. | [ ] Passwd not req. | 
[ ] Temp. duplicate | [X] Normal account | [ ] NMS account | 
[ ] Domain trust ac | [ ] Wks trust act. | [ ] Srv trust act | 
[ ] Pwd don't expir | [ ] Auto lockout | [ ] (unknown 0x08) | 
[ ] (unknown 0x10) | [ ] (unknown 0x20) | [ ] (unknown 0x40) | 

Failed login count: 0, while max tries is: 0
Total login count: 0 
 
- - - User Edit Menu:
1 - Clear (blank) user password
(2 - Unlock and enable user account) [seems unlocked already]
3 - Promote user (make user an administrator)
4 - Add user to a group
5 - Remove user from a group
q - Quit editing user, back to user select
Select: [q] >

To clear the password press 1 and ENTER. If successful you will see the following message:

...
Select: [q] > 1 
Password cleared!
================= USER EDIT ====================
 
RID : 1002 [03ea]
Username: sysadm
fullname: SysADM
comment : 
homedir : 

00000220 = Administrators (which has 2 members)

Account bits: 0x0010 =
[ ] Disabled | [ ] Homedir req. | [ ] Passwd not req. | 
[ ] Temp. duplicate | [X] Normal account | [ ] NMS account | 
[ ] Domain trust ac | [ ] Wks trust act. | [ ] Srv trust act | 
[ ] Pwd don't expir | [ ] Auto lockout | [ ] (unknown 0x08) | 
[ ] (unknown 0x10) | [ ] (unknown 0x20) | [ ] (unknown 0x40) | 

Failed login count: 0, while max tries is: 0
Total login count: 0
** No NT MD4 hash found. This user probably has a BLANK password!
** No LANMAN hash found either. Try login with no password!
...

Verify the change by repeating:

$ sudo chntpw -l SAM
chntpw version 1.00 140201, (c) Petter N Hagen
Hive name (from header): <\SystemRoot\System32\Config\SAM>
ROOT KEY at offset: 0x001020 * Subkey indexing type is: 686c 
File size 65536 [10000] bytes, containing 7 pages (+ 1 headerpage)
Used for data: 346/37816 blocks/bytes, unused: 23/7016 blocks/bytes.

| RID -|---------- Username ------------| Admin? |- Lock? --|
| 01f4 | Administrator | ADMIN | dis/lock |
| 01f7 | DefaultAccount | | dis/lock |
| 03e8 | defaultuser0 | | dis/lock |
| 01f5 | Guest | | dis/lock |
| 03ea | sysadm | ADMIN | *BLANK* |
| 01f8 | WDAGUtilityAccount | | dis/lock |
| 03e9 | WinUser | | | 

...

The “Lock?” column now shows BLANK for the sysadm user. Type q to exit and y to write the changes to the SAM file. Reboot the machine into Windows and login using the account (in this case sysadm) without a password.

Features

Furthermore, chntpw can perform basic Windows user administrative tasks. It has the ability to promote the user to the administrators group, unlock accounts, view and modify group memberships, and edit the registry.

The interactive menu

chntpw has an easy-to-use interactive menu to guide you through the process. Use the -i parameter to launch the interactive menu:

$ chntpw -i SAM
chntpw version 1.00 140201, (c) Petter N Hagen
Hive name (from header): <\SystemRoot\System32\Config\SAM>
ROOT KEY at offset: 0x001020 * Subkey indexing type is: 686c 
File size 65536 [10000] bytes, containing 7 pages (+ 1 headerpage)
Used for data: 346/37816 blocks/bytes, unused: 23/7016 blocks/bytes.

<>========<> chntpw Main Interactive Menu <>========<> 
Loaded hives: 
 1 - Edit user data and passwords
 2 - List groups
 - - -
 9 - Registry editor, now with full write support!
 q - Quit (you will be asked if there is something to save) 

Groups and account membership

To display a list of groups and view its members, select option 2 from the interactive menu:

...
What to do? [1] -> 2
Also list group members? [n] y
=== Group # 220 : Administrators
 0 | 01f4 | Administrator | 
 1 | 03ea | sysadm | 
=== Group # 221 : Users
 0 | 0004 | NT AUTHORITY\INTERACTIVE | 
 1 | 000b | NT AUTHORITY\Authenticated Users | 
 2 | 03e8 | defaultuser0 | 
 3 | 03e9 | WinUser | 
=== Group # 222 : Guests
 0 | 01f5 | Guest | 
=== Group # 223 : Power Users
... 
=== Group # 247 : Device Owners

Adding the user to the administrators group

To elevate the user with administrative privileges press 1 to edit the account, then 3 to promote the user:

...
Select: [q] > 3

=== PROMOTE USER
Will add the user to the administrator group (0x220)
and to the users group (0x221). That should usually be
what is needed to log in and get administrator rights.
Also, remove the user from the guest group (0x222), since
it may forbid logins.

(To add or remove user from other groups, please other menu selections)

Note: You may get some errors if the user is already member of some
of these groups, but that is no problem.

Do it? (y/n) [n] : y 

Adding to 0x220 (Administrators) …
sam_put_user_grpids: success exit
Adding to 0x221 (Users) …
sam_put_user_grpids: success exit
Removing from 0x222 (Guests) …
remove_user_from_grp: NOTE: group not in users list of groups, may mean user not member at all. Safe. Continuing.
remove_user_from_grp: NOTE: user not in groups list of users, may mean user was not member at all. Does not matter, continuing.
sam_put_user_grpids: success exit 

Promotion DONE! 

Editing the Windows registry

Certainly the most noteworthy, as well as the most powerful, feature of chntpw is the ability to edit the registry and write to it. Select 9 from the interactive menu:

...
What to do? [1] -> 9
Simple registry editor. ? for help.

> ?
 Simple registry editor:
 hive [] - list loaded hives or switch to hive number
 cd - change current key
 ls | dir [] - show subkeys & values,
 cat | type - show key value
 dpi - show decoded DigitalProductId value
 hex - hexdump of value data
 ck [] - Show keys class data, if it has any
 nk - add key
 dk - delete key (must be empty)
 ed - Edit value
 nv - Add value
 dv - Delete value
 delallv - Delete all values in current key
 rdel - Recursively delete key & subkeys
 ek - export key to (Windows .reg file format)
 debug - enter buffer hexeditor
 st [] - debug function: show struct info
 q - quit 

Finding help

As we saw earlier, the -h parameter allows us to quickly access a reference guide to the options available with chntpw. The man page contains detailed information and can be accessed with:

$ man chntpw

Also, if you’re interested in a more hands-on approach, spin up a virtual machine. Windows Server 2019 has an evaluation period of 180 days, and Windows Hyper-V Server 2019 is unlimited. Creating a Windows guest VM will provide the basics to modify the Administrator account for testing and learning. For help with quickly creating a guest VM refer to the article Getting started with virtualization in Gnome Boxes.

Conclusion

chntpw is a hidden gem for Linux administrators and IT professionals alike. While a nifty tool to quickly reset Windows account passwords, it can also be used to troubleshoot and modify local Windows accounts with a no-nonsense feel that delivers. This is perhaps only one such tool for solving the problem, though. If you’ve experienced this issue and have an alternative solution, feel free to put it in the comments below.

This tool, like many other “hacking” tools, holds with it an ethical responsibility. Even chntpw states:

NOTE: This program is somewhat hackish! You are on your own!

When using such programs, we should remember the three edicts outlined in the message displayed when running sudo for the first time:

1. Respect the privacy of others.
2. Think before you type.
3. With great power comes great responsibility.

---

Photo by Silas Köhler on Unsplash,

Earlier this week, Mozilla released version 68 of the Firefox web browser. Firefox is the default web browser in Fedora, and this update is now available in the official Fedora repositories.

This Firefox release provides a range of bug fixes and enhancements, including:

• Better handling when using dark GTK themes (like Adwaita Dark). Previously, running a dark theme may have caused issues where user interface elements on a rendered webpage (like forms) are rendered in the dark theme, on a white background. Firefox 68 resolves these issues. Refer to these two Mozilla bugzilla tickets for more information.
• The about:addons special page has two new features to keep you safer when installing extensions and themes in Firefox. First is the ability to report security and stability issues with addons directly in the about:addons page. Additionally, about:addons now has a list of secure and stable extensions and themes that have been vetted by the Recommended Extensions program.

Updating Firefox in Fedora

Firefox 68 has already been pushed to the stable Fedora repositories. The security fix will be applied to your system with your next update. You can also update the firefox package only by running the following command:

$ sudo dnf update --refresh firefox

This command requires you to have sudo setup on your system. Additionally, note that not every Fedora mirrors syncs at the same rate. Community sites graciously donate space and bandwidth these mirrors to carry Fedora content. You may need to try again later if your selected mirror is still awaiting the latest update.