Before we learn about the money, let’s get this question out of the way:

What Does an iOS App Developer Do?

An iOS app developer is a programmer who focuses on software creation for Apple mobile devices such as iPhones or wearables such as Apple Watches. Most mobile app developers create smartphone apps for the iOS or watchOS mobile operating systems using the Swift programming language.

Learn More:

• Swift Developer — Income and Opportunity
• Mobile App Developer — Income and Opportunity

iOS App Developer Stats

For your motivation, I’ve compiled some interesting stats and facts about mobile app development:

• The revenue of the mobile app market worldwide is mobile app revenue in 2022 is $437 billion USD. (Statista)
• The number of iOS mobile app developers in the world is 2.8 million. (EvansData)
• For comparison, the number of Android mobile app developers in the world is 5.9 million. (EvansData)
• The average revenue per mobile app developer worldwide is $50,229 USD/year. (Finxter)
• The average annual income of a mobile app developer in the US is $101,000 USD. (Finxter)
• The average annual income of a mobile app developer in India is ₹5,17,819. (Glassdoor)

So, are you motivated? Great, let’s have a look on the skills you need next!

What Skills Does an iOS App Developer Need?

As an iOS app developer, your skillset varies depending on the concrete set of applications you’re working on. However, these skills will proof useful no matter what, and most successful mobile iOS app developers have these seven skills:

1. General programming skills (e.g., Swift)
2. Specific app framework skills (e.g., Flutter)
3. Distributed systems skills
4. Web development skills (e.g., HTML, CSS, JavaScript)
5. Design skills (e.g., Photoshop)
6. Security skills (e.g., SSL encryption)
7. Soft skills (e.g., communication, presentation, marketing)

Of course, these are only the top seven most important skills from my point of view.

Mobile (iOS) App Developer vs Desktop (macOS) Developer

What’s the difference between a mobile iOS app developer and a desktop developer focusing on macOS?

• An iOS developer creates applications for mobile operating systems iOS and watchOS.
• A desktop developer creates applications for desktop-based operating systems like macOS.

Unlike desktop developers, mobile iOS app developers tend to focus more on utilizing native sensors such as NFC and GPS for location-based applications and more natural human-computer interaction means such as speech and touch.

Of course, there’s a two-way exchange of ideas and technologies because more and more desktop developers integrate ubiquitous computing technologies in their applications. And app developers use traditional “desktop” means of user interfaces such as virtual keyboards.

Now that you know about what it is, let’s have a look at what it earns next!

Annual Income

How much does an iOS App Developer make per year?

Compare the significant income of an iOS developer with the income of a general app developer. iOS developer make $10,000 more than general mobile app developers, on average:

The average annual income of an iOS Developer in the United States is between $83,351 and $145,000 with an average of $110,331 and a statistical median of $111,716 per year.

This data is based on our meta-study of six (6) salary aggregators sources such as Glassdoor, ZipRecruiter, and PayScale.

Let’s have a look at the hourly rate of Mobile App Developers next!

Hourly Rate

iOS Developers are well-paid on freelancing platforms such as Upwork or Fiverr.

• Related Article: What’s the best freelancing platform?

If you decide to go the route as a freelance Mobile App Developer, you can expect to make between $40 and $120 per hour on Upwork (source). Assuming an annual workload of 2000 hours, you can expect to make between $80,000 and $240,000 per year.

Note: Do you want to create your own thriving coding business online? Feel free to check out our freelance developer course — the world’s #1 best-selling freelance developer course that specifically shows you how to succeed on Upwork and Fiverr!

Industry Demand

But is there enough demand? Let’s have a look at Google trends to find out how interest evolves over time (source):

Looks like the interest in becoming an iOS and watchOS developer slightly decreased over the last couple of years.

But don’t let this fool you—this makes an excellent opportunity for you as a freelance developer because people are searching for hiring iOS app developers like never before:

While the interest in iPhone app development stays constant, the demand for Apple mobile developers is growing continuously. This means that the gap in the market place increases, and you can expect hourly rates to increase in the years to come!

If demand for a scarce resource outstrips the supply growth, prices rise. Your prices. Your income.

You can see that many freelancers now start creating apps for clients rather than creating apps for themselves—it’s just the more attractive market opportunity:

Learning Path, Skills, and Education Requirements

Do you want to become a Mobile App Developer? Here’s a step-by-step learning path I’d propose to get started with Mobile App :

• Step 1: Introduction to Computer Science (~40 hours)
• Step 2: Introduction to Mobile App Development (~20 hours)
• Step 3: Introduction to Mobile App Development (Free Video Courses) (~10 hours)
• Step 4: Introduction to Swift (Official) (~20 hours)
• Step 5: Swift (Apple Books) (~20 hours)
• Step 6: Introduction to Flutter (~20 hours)
• Step 7: Introduction to Flutter (Free Video Courses) (~10 hours)

The following video exemplifies one of the skills, Flutter, so you can get a quick glimpse into the development process with an app framework:

You can find many additional computer science courses on the Finxter Computer Science Academy (flatrate model).

But don’t wait too long to acquire practical experience!

Even if you have little skills, it’s best to get started as a freelance developer and learn as you work on real projects for clients — earning income as you learn and gaining motivation through real-world feedback.

Tip: An excellent start to turbo-charge your freelancing career (earning more in less time) is our Finxter Freelancer Course. The goal of the course is to pay for itself!

You can find more job descriptions for coders, programmers, and computer scientists in our detailed overview guide:

• Get Your Job in IT [Overview]

Related Income of Professional Developers

The following statistic shows the self-reported income from 9,649 US-based professional developers (source).

The average annual income of professional developers in the US is between $70,000 and $177,500 for various programming languages.

Question: What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. (source)

The following statistic compares the self-reported income from 46,693 professional programmers as conducted by StackOverflow.

The average annual income of professional developers worldwide (US and non-US) is between $33,000 and $95,000 for various programming languages.

Here’s a screenshot of a more detailed overview of each programming language considered in the report:

Here’s what different database professionals earn:

Here’s an overview of different cloud solutions experts:

Here’s what professionals in web frameworks earn:

There are many other interesting frameworks—that pay well!

Look at those tools:

Okay, but what do you need to do to get there? What are the skill requirements and qualifications to make you become a professional developer in the area you desire?

Let’s find out next!

General Qualifications of Professionals

StackOverflow performs an annual survey asking professionals, coders, developers, researchers, and engineers various questions about their background and job satisfaction on their website.

Interestingly, when aggregating the data of the developers’ educational background, a good three quarters have an academic background.

Here’s the question asked by StackOverflow (source):

Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed?

However, if you don’t have a formal degree, don’t fear! Many of the respondents with degrees don’t have a degree in their field—so it may not be of much value for their coding careers anyways.

Also, about one out of four don’t have a formal degree and still succeeds in their field! You certainly don’t need a degree if you’re committed to your own success!

Freelancing vs Employment Status

The percentage of freelance developers increases steadily. The fraction of freelance developers has already reached 11.21%!

This indicates that more and more work will be done in a more flexible work environment—and fewer and fewer companies and clients want to hire inflexible talent.

Here are the stats from the StackOverflow developer survey (source):

Do you want to become a professional freelance developer and earn some money on the side or as your primary source of income?

Resource: Check out our freelance developer course—it’s the best freelance developer course in the world with the highest student success rate in the industry!

Other Programming Languages Used by Professional Developers

The StackOverflow developer survey collected 58000 responses about the following question (source):

Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year?

These are the languages you want to focus on when starting out as a coder:

And don’t worry—if you feel stuck or struggle with a nasty bug. We all go through it. Here’s what SO survey respondents and professional developers do when they’re stuck:

What do you do when you get stuck on a problem? Select all that apply. (source)

Related Tutorials

To get started with some of the fundamentals and industry concepts, feel free to check out these articles:

• Freelance Developer – How to Code From Home and Earn Six Figures [Industry Report]
• How to Become a Python Freelancer—and Earn $1,000 on the Side? [A Step-by-Step Tutorial]
• How Adam Earns $5000 per Month as a Python Freelancer on Upwork [Month 4]
• Mobile App Wikipedia
• Learn iOS App Google

Where to Go From Here?

Enough theory. Let’s get some practice!

Coders get paid six figures and more because they can solve problems more effectively using machine intelligence and automation.

To become more successful in coding, solve more real problems for real people. That’s how you polish the skills you really need in practice. After all, what’s the use of learning theory that nobody ever needs?

You build high-value coding skills by working on practical coding projects!

Do you want to stop learning with toy projects and focus on practical code projects that earn you money and solve real problems for people?

If your answer is YES!, consider becoming a Python freelance developer! It’s the best way of approaching the task of improving your Python skills—even if you are a complete beginner.

If you just want to learn about the freelancing opportunity, feel free to watch my free webinar “How to Build Your High-Income Skill Python” and learn how I grew my coding business online and how you can, too—from the comfort of your own home.

Join the free webinar now!

Reference

[1] The figure was generated using the following code snippet:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

import math data = [98986, 108906, 100289, 128480, 91749, 145000, 83351, 114614, 116145, 115794] labels = ['Glassdoor.com', 'ZipRecruiter.com', 'Zippia.com', 'Indeed.com', 'PayScale.com', 'Talent.com', 'Salary.com', 'NixUnited.com', 'BuiltIn.com', 'Comparably.com'] median = np.median(data)

average = np.average(data)

print(median, average)

n = len(data) plt.plot(range(n), [median] * n, color='black', label='Median: $' + str(int(median)))

plt.plot(range(n), [average] * n, '--', color='red', label='Average: $' + str(int(average)))

plt.bar(range(len(data)), data)

plt.xticks(range(len(data)), labels, rotation='vertical', position = (0,0.45), color='white', weight='bold')

plt.ylabel('Average Income ($)')

plt.title('iOS App Developer Annual Income - by Finxter')

plt.legend()

plt.show()

Generate PDF from HTML in a browser is one of the most wanted utilities. There are many hosted solutions generating PDF online from the posted source.

When using online tools the required features are not available with one tool. The users have to compromise some of their needs when depending on the online tools.

But, developers like us need not compromise. We can create a custom utility to generate PDF from HTML on our own.

<div class="outer-content"> <div id="pdf-content"> <h2>PDF Page Title</h2> <hr> <p> How to generate a pdf from the <i>UI content</i> is easy. </p> <p> This describes how to <strong>generate pdf from HTML</strong> using programming. </p> </div> <hr> <button id="btn-generate">Generate PDF</button>

</div>

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<body> <?php require_once __DIR__ . '/template.html'; ?>

</body>

<script> var buttonElement = document.querySelector("#btn-generate"); buttonElement.addEventListener('click', function() { var pdfContent = document.getElementById("pdf-content").innerHTML; var windowObject = window.open(); windowObject.document.write(pdfContent); windowObject.print(); windowObject.close(); });

</script>

</html>

I am sure this is not enough to claim that the PDF generation is implemented ?

For creating a full-fledged solution to generate PDF from HTML we have to go for using libraries.

There are popular libraries available in the market to build a PDF generation tool for an application.

In this tutorial, we will see some of the top libraries that support PDF generation. For each library, we will see how-to steps for the integration and development.

Libraries available to Generate PDF from HTML

This section listed the libraries used to generate PDF from HTML in this article. It interlinks the appropriate example code below to land you in the right place.

1. HTML to PDF
2. jsPDF
3. wkHTMLtoPDF
4. pdfmake

The HTML to pdf and jspdf sections have more than one example. It is to know how to generate PDF from HTML containing complex nodes or containers. Example: HTML tables, image galleries and etc.

1. HTML to PDF

The HTML to pdf library method is a way to generate PDF from HTML. It is a two-step process to get a simple PDF output.

First, get the CDN URL of this library from an authentic source.  Then, follow these two steps to get an output PDF file.

1. Instantiate html to pdf library class.
2. Map HTML content to generate and save PDF.

The basic life cycle to generate PDF from HTML using this library is shown in the below flow chart.

Example 1: Generate PDF from HTML containing only text.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<title>Generate PDF from HTML using html to pdf library</title>

<!-- CDN URL - html2pdf library -->

<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html2pdf.js/0.10.1/html2pdf.bundle.min.js"></script>

</head> <body> <?php require_once __DIR__ . '/template.html'; ?> <script> var buttonElement = document.querySelector("#btn-generate"); buttonElement.addEventListener('click', function() { var pdfContent = document.querySelector("#pdf-content"); html2pdf().from(pdfContent).save(); }); </script>

</body>

</html>

Example 2: Supply library options to override defaults

Unlike the above example, it sends an array of options to generate PDF from HTML. It overrides the default file name, margin, orientation and more defaults as specified.

var pdfContent = document.querySelector("#pdf-content");

var optionArray = { margin: 10, filename: 'output.pdf', jsPDF: { unit: 'in', format: 'letter', orientation: 'portrait' }

}; // html to pdf generation with the reference of PDF worker object

html2pdf().set(optionArray).from(pdfContent).save(); 

In old monolithic method, the html2pdf() accepts the HTML reference and options. To generate PDF from HTML DOM object reference and JSON options are supplied like,

html2pdf(pdfContent, optionArray);

2. jsPDF

To generate PDF from HTML some libraries need document definition of the markup. The jsPDF is popularly known for its feature of getting the HTML input in any format.

For example, it is capable of accepting HTML in the following formats.

1. HTML markup.
2. HTML file input data.
3. HTML element object with the reference of selectors.

Example 1: Equivalent alternative solution to generate PDF from HTML

This example creates a basic usage reference of jsPDF to generate PDF from HTML template.  It includes an external template source in the UI container.

The JavaScript maps an event handler to the “Generate PDF” button found in the HTML template.

On clicking the button, the script initiates jsPDF with the appropriate PDF specification. It uses .html() handling of the jsPDF library tp generate PDF from HTML object supplied as an argument.

This hander defines a callback function that executes the HTML to PDF conversion. It saves or opens the generated PDF document in the callback.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>jsPDF Example</title>

<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script>

<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jspdf/2.5.1/jspdf.umd.min.js"></script>

<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html2canvas/1.4.1/html2canvas.min.js"></script>

</head>

<body> <?php require_once __DIR__ . '/template.html'; ?> <script> var buttonElement = document.querySelector("#btn-generate"); buttonElement.addEventListener('click', function() { const { jsPDF } = window.jspdf; var doc = new jsPDF("p", "pt", 'a4'); var pdfContent = document.querySelector("#pdf-content"); // Generate PDF from HTML using right id-selector doc.html(pdfContent, { callback: function(doc) { doc.save("download.pdf"); }, x: 10, y: 19 }); }); </script>

</body>

</html>

Example 2: Generate multipage PDF from HTML page

The jsPDF library is one of the best libraries used to generate PDF from HTML on the client-side. We have seen more examples in previous articles.

This example is for generating a multipage document from lengthy HTML to PDF format.

It uses the jsPDF’s page handlers like addPage, setPage, insertPage and more.

It calculates the PDF page content height and width and split the HTML source content. It creates chunks of page content from the HTML markup.

It calculates the total pages to paginate split chunks of HTML to PDF multi-page document. The addPage() generates a page instance to render the page content chunk into it.

It loops through the same process to generate PDF from HTML containing long content.

<!doctype html>

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>Generate multi-page PDF from HTML - jsPDF</TITLE>

<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-2.1.3.js"></script>

<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jspdf/1.3.3/jspdf.min.js"></script>

<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html2canvas/1.4.1/html2canvas.min.js"></script>

<style>

.description { font-size: 2em; line-height: 4;

}

</style>

</HEAD>

<BODY> <div class="outer-content"> <div id="pdf-content"> <img src="cherry.jpeg" /> <p class="description">Donec id leo quis felis vehicula bibendum sit amet ut tellus. Sed sagittis aliquet rhoncus. Pellentesque vulputate nunc ultricies, egestas augue ac, ullamcorper dui. Etiam diam mauris, molestie in purus a, venenatis pretium leo. Sed id metus eleifend, scelerisque neque id, posuere arcu. Nunc cursus et dui quis fringilla. In in turpis feugiat diam porttitor tempus. In hendrerit diam dolor, id pellentesque ante volutpat a. Nam tortor sapien, semper ut justo et, accumsan imperdiet sem. Sed euismod nunc vitae dolor porttitor ullamcorper. Donec sed lacinia dui. Nunc sed suscipit erat. Phasellus euismod ultrices velit, hendrerit tempor diam elementum ut.</p> <hr> </div> <button id="btn-generate">Generate PDF</button> </div> </BODY>

<script>

$(document).ready(function(){ $("#btn-generate").click(function(){ var htmlWidth = $("#pdf-content").width(); var htmlHeight = $("#pdf-content").height(); var pdfWidth = htmlWidth + (15 * 2); var pdfHeight = (pdfWidth * 1.5) + (15 * 2); var doc = new jsPDF('p', 'pt', [pdfWidth, pdfHeight]); var pageCount = Math.ceil(htmlHeight / pdfHeight) - 1; html2canvas($("#pdf-content")[0], { allowTaint: true }).then(function(canvas) { canvas.getContext('2d'); var image = canvas.toDataURL("image/png", 1.0); doc.addImage(image, 'PNG', 15, 15, htmlWidth, htmlHeight); for (var i = 1; i <= pageCount; i++) { doc.addPage(pdfWidth, pdfHeight); doc.addImage(image, 'PNG', 15, -(pdfHeight * i)+15, htmlWidth, htmlHeight); } doc.save("output.pdf"); }); });

});

</script>

</HTML>

3. wkHTMLtoPDF

It is a command-line tool to generate PDFs from HTML. Find the latest suitable release. Then, install this library before running the command in the terminal.

It requires supplying a sanitized HTML source to create a PDF output.

After installation, add the library path to the system classpath. Then, run the following command.

wkhtmltopdf sanitised_html_source_path output.pdf

The best practice is to read the remote page content and sanitize the HTML. Then write the sanitized content into a local HTML to pass it to the PDF generation command. The PHP cURL post will be best to read the remote content compared to the file_get_contents().

It provides a C library to get used to it via programming.

If you want to execute the command via a program, the PHP exec() function may help.

There is a third-party interface to generate PDF from HTML using the wkHTMLtoPDF. Visit the Github page to install the PHP library used to content HTML to PDF.

This code shows the command to install this library into your vendor directory.

composer require mikehaertl/phpwkhtmltopdf

This simple usage example may initiate to start with this PHP library to generate PDF from HTML.

<?php

use mikehaertl\wkhtmlto\Pdf; $pdf = new Pdf('html-source-file.html'); if (!$pdf->saveAs('output.pdf')) { $error = $pdf->getError(); // return error to the request handler

}

4. pdfmake

The pdfmake library has both client-side and server-side integrations. Both methods generate PDF from HTML by accessing the element content from JavaScript.

Installation

This example uses pdfmake CDN URL to import dependencies. The documentation has alternate methods of installing and integrating the library.

For example, it gives npm commands to download node_modules with required dependencies.

Client-side integration

This example uses the pdfmake’s client-side method to generate PDF from HTML objects.

It accesses HTML element content from JavaScript and prepares the document definition object.

The document definition can supply the following types of content.

1. Text,
2. Multi-column text,
3. Styles,
4. Images

The HTML contains a heading, text, and image content. The docDefinition object is built with the content of these HTML elements.

Images will be supplied as encoded binary data. In this example, the JavaScript getDataUrl() converts the image into a binary data URL.

Then the pdfmake.createPDF() handler code generate PDF from HTML. The below code opens the HTML to PDF output in the browser screen. The pdfmake library also allows to print, and download the PDF document.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>PDFMake Example</title>

<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/pdfmake/0.2.5/pdfmake.min.js"></script>

<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/pdfmake/0.2.5/vfs_fonts.min.js"></script>

</head>

<body> <div class="outer-content"> <h2 id="heading">PDF Page Title</h2> <div id="pdf-content">How to generate a pdf from the UI content description and example. </div> <img src="cherry.jpeg" id="image-preview" /> <hr> <button id="btn-generate">Generate PDF</button> </div> <script> var buttonElement = document.querySelector("#btn-generate"); buttonElement.addEventListener('click', function() { var pdfHeading = document.querySelector("#heading").innerText; var pdfContent = document.querySelector("#pdf-content").innerText; var pdfImage = getDataUrl(document.querySelector("#image-preview")); var docDefinition = { content: [ { text: pdfHeading, style: 'heading' }, { text: pdfContent, style: 'vspace' }, { image: pdfImage } ], styles: { vspace: { lineHeight: 3 }, heading: { fontSize: 18, lineHeight: 2 } } }; pdfMake.createPdf(docDefinition).open(); }); function getDataUrl(imgSource) { const canvas = document.createElement('canvas'); const context = canvas.getContext('2d'); canvas.width = imgSource.width; canvas.height = imgSource.height; context.drawImage(imgSource, 0, 0); return canvas.toDataURL('image/jpeg'); } </script>

</body>

</html> 

Conclusion

Thus, we have seen various methods to generate PDF from HTML source code or files. I hope the usage examples of the libraries may give choices to enable PDF generation.

Share your thoughts about the PDF generation concept we have seen. Also, share your comments on the example codes to generate PDF from HTML.

↑ Back to Top

Problem: Given a CSV file, how to read only specific column(s) from the csv file? (Reading a specific column from a csv file will yield all the row values pertaining to that column.)

Example: Consier the following csv file (countries.csv):

Country,Capital,Population,Area

Germany,Berlin,"84,267,549","348,560"

France,Paris,"65,534,239","547,557"

Spain,Madrid,"46,787,468","498,800"

Italy,Rome,"60,301,346","294,140"

India,Delhi,"1,404,495,187","2,973,190"

USA,Washington,"334,506,463","9,147,420"

China,Beijing,"1,449,357,022","9,388,211"

Poland,Warsaw,"37,771,789","306,230"

Russia,Moscow,"146,047,418","16,376,870"

England,London,"68,529,747","241,930"

Question: How will you read the above csv file and display the following columns

1. Country column along with the Capital column?
2. All values in the population column?

Method 1: Using Pandas

Using the Pandas library is probably the best option if you are dealing with csv files. You can easily read a csv file and store an entire column within a variable.

Code:

import pandas as pd df = pd.read_csv("countries.csv")

country = df['Country']

# or

# country = df.Country

capital = df['Capital']

# or

# capital = df.Capital # displaying selected columns (Country and Capital)

for x, y in zip(country, capital): print(f"{x} {y}") # displaying a single column (Country)

print()

print(df['Population'])

Output:

Germany Berlin

France Paris

Spain Madrid

Italy Rome

India Delhi

USA Washington

China Beijing

Poland Warsaw

Russia Moscow

England London 0 84,267,549

1 65,534,239

2 46,787,468

3 60,301,346

4 1,404,495,187

5 334,506,463

6 1,449,357,022

7 37,771,789

8 146,047,418

9 68,529,747

Name: Population, dtype: object

Explanation:

• Read the csv file using pd.read_csv() Pandas function.
• Save all the information of the columns Country and Capital within independent variables using
  
  • country = df['Country']
    
    • Alternatively, you can also use country = df.Country
  • capital = df['Capital']
    
    • Alternatively, you can also use capital = df.Capital

• To display the country names and their capitals simultaneously, you can bind the two columns, country and capital, using the zip() function and then display each country along with its capital using a for loop upon the zipped object.
• To display all the values in the population column, you can simply use df['Population'].

TRIVIA
zip() is a built-in function in Python that takes an arbitrary number of iterables and binds them into a single iterable, a zip object. It combines the n-th value of each iterable argument into a tuple.
Read more about zip() here.

➤ List-Based Indexing of a DataFrame

In case you are not comfortable with using zip() to display multiple columns at once, you have another option. You can simply use list-based indexing to accomplish your goal.

List-based indexing is a technique that allows you to pass multiple column names as a list within the square-bracket selector.

Example:

import pandas as pd df = pd.read_csv("countries.csv")

print()

print(df[['Country', 'Capital']])

Output:

 Country Capital

0 Germany Berlin

1 France Paris

2 Spain Madrid

3 Italy Rome

4 India Delhi

5 USA Washington

6 China Beijing

7 Poland Warsaw

8 Russia Moscow

9 England London

Method 2: Integer Based Indexing with iloc

Approach: The idea here is to use the df.iloc[rows, columns].values to access individual columns from the DataFrame using indexing. Note that the first column always has the index 0, while the second column has index 1, and so on.

• rows is used to select individual rows. Use the slicing colon: to ensure all rows have been selected.
• columns is used to select individual columns.
  
  • Use country = data.iloc[:, 0].values to save the values of the Country column.
  • capital = data.iloc[:, 1].values to save the values of the Capital column.
  • population = data.iloc[:, 2].values to save the values of the Population column.

import pandas as pd data = pd.read_csv('countries.csv')

country = data.iloc[:, 0].values

capital = data.iloc[:, 1].values

population = data.iloc[:, 2].values

# displaying selected columns

print(data[['Country', 'Capital']])

print()

# displaying a single column (Population)

print(population)

Output:

Country Capital

0 Germany Berlin

1 France Paris

2 Spain Madrid

3 Italy Rome

4 India Delhi

5 USA Washington

6 China Beijing

7 Poland Warsaw

8 Russia Moscow

9 England London ['84,267,549' '65,534,239' '46,787,468' '60,301,346' '1,404,495,187' '334,506,463' '1,449,357,022' '37,771,789' '146,047,418' '68,529,747']

Method 3: Name-Based Indexing with loc()

Instead of selecting the columns by their index, you can also select them by their name using the df.loc[] selecter.

The following example shows how to select the columns Country and Capital from the given DataFrame.

import pandas as pd data = pd.read_csv('countries.csv')

val = data.loc[:, ['Country', 'Capital']]

print(val)

Output:

Country Capital

0 Germany Berlin

1 France Paris

2 Spain Madrid

3 Italy Rome

4 India Delhi

5 USA Washington

6 China Beijing

7 Poland Warsaw

8 Russia Moscow

9 England London

Related Tutorial: Slicing Data from a Pandas DataFrame using .loc and .iloc

Method 4: Using csv Module

csv module is yet another spectacular option in Python that allows you to play with csv files. Let us have a look at the code that helps us to read the given csv file and then read specific columns from it:

import csv population = []

with open('countries.csv', newline='', encoding='utf-8-sig') as csvfile: data = csv.DictReader(csvfile) for r in data: print("Country", ":", "Capital") # append values from population column to population list population.append(r['Population']) # displaying specific columns (Country and Capital) print(r['Country'], ":", r['Capital']) # display the population list print(population)

Output:

Country : Capital

Germany : Berlin

Country : Capital

France : Paris

Country : Capital

Spain : Madrid

Country : Capital

Italy : Rome

Country : Capital

India : Delhi

Country : Capital

USA : Washington

Country : Capital

China : Beijing

Country : Capital

Poland : Warsaw

Country : Capital

Russia : Moscow

Country : Capital

England : London

['84,267,549', '65,534,239', '46,787,468', '60,301,346', '1,404,495,187', '334,506,463', '1,449,357,022', '37,771,789', '146,047,418', '68,529,747']

Explanation:

• Import the csv module and open up the csv file. Ensure that you feed in the encoding argument as it helps to eliminate any unreadable characters that may occur in the given csv file.
  
  • with open('countries.csv', newline='', encoding='utf-8-sig') as csvfile
• Allow Python to read the csv file as a dictionary using csv.Dictreader object.
• Once the file has been read in the form of a dictionary, you can easily fetch the values from respective columns by using the keys within square bracket notation from the dictionary. Here each column represents the key within the given dictionary.

Bonus: Here’s a quick look at how the DictReader() class looks like:

import csv population = []

with open('countries.csv', newline='', encoding='utf-8-sig') as csvfile: data = csv.DictReader(csvfile) for row in data: print(row)

Output:

{'Country': 'Germany', 'Capital': 'Berlin', 'Population': '84,267,549', 'Area': '348,560'}
{'Country': 'France', 'Capital': 'Paris', 'Population': '65,534,239', 'Area': '547,557'}
{'Country': 'Spain', 'Capital': 'Madrid', 'Population': '46,787,468', 'Area': '498,800'}
{'Country': 'Italy', 'Capital': 'Rome', 'Population': '60,301,346', 'Area': '294,140'}
{'Country': 'India', 'Capital': 'Delhi', 'Population': '1,404,495,187', 'Area': '2,973,190'}
{'Country': 'USA', 'Capital': 'Washington', 'Population': '334,506,463', 'Area': '9,147,420'}
{'Country': 'China', 'Capital': 'Beijing', 'Population': '1,449,357,022', 'Area': '9,388,211'}
{'Country': 'Poland', 'Capital': 'Warsaw', 'Population': '37,771,789', 'Area': '306,230'}
{'Country': 'Russia', 'Capital': 'Moscow', 'Population': '146,047,418', 'Area': '16,376,870'}
{'Country': 'England', 'Capital': 'London', 'Population': '68,529,747', 'Area': '241,930'}

It is evident from the output that csv.DictReader() returns a dictionary for each row such that the column header is the key while the value in the row is the associated value in the dictionary.

Conclusion

To sum things up, there are majorly four different ways of accessing specific columns from a given csv file:

• List-Based Indexing.
• Integer-Based Indexing.
• Name-Based Indexing.
• Using csv modules DictReader class.

Feel free to use the one that suits you best. I hope this tutorial helped you. Please subscribe and stay tuned for more interesting tutorials. Happy learning!

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