08-17-2023, 11:05 AM
[Tut] Write a Long String on Multiple Lines in Python
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<p class="has-global-color-8-background-color has-background">To create and manage multiline strings in Python, you can use triple quotes and backslashes, while more advanced options involve string literals, parentheses, the <code>+</code> operator, f-strings, the <code>textwrap</code> module, and <code>join()</code> method to handle long strings within collections like dictionaries and lists.</p>
<p>Let’s get started with the simple techniques first: <img decoding="async" src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f447.png" alt="?" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /></p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Basic Multiline Strings</h2>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="636" height="836" src="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-60.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1552840" srcset="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-60.png 636w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...28x300.png 228w" sizes="(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px" /></figure>
</div>
<p>In Python, there are multiple ways to create <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/how-to-split-a-multi-line-string-into-multiple-lines/" data-type="post" data-id="972297" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multiline strings</a>. This section will cover two primary methods of writing multiline strings: using triple quotes and backslashes.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Triple Quotes</h3>
<p class="has-global-color-8-background-color has-background">Triple quotes are one of the most common ways to create multiline strings in Python. This method allows you to include line breaks and special characters like newline characters directly in the string without using escape sequences. You can use triple single quotes (<code>'''</code>) or triple double quotes (<code>"""</code>) to define a multiline string. </p>
<p>Here is an example:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">multiline_string = '''This is an example
of a multiline string
in Python using triple quotes.''' print(multiline_string)
</pre>
<p>This will print:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">This is an example
of a multiline string
in Python using triple quotes.
</pre>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Backslash</h3>
<p class="has-global-color-8-background-color has-background">Another way to create a multiline string is by using backslashes (<code>\</code>). The backslash at the end of a line helps in splitting a long string without inserting a newline character. When the backslash is used, the line break is ignored, allowing the string to continue across multiple lines. </p>
<p>Here is an example:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">multiline_string = "This is an example " \ "of a multiline string " \ "in Python using backslashes." print(multiline_string)
</pre>
<p>This will print:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">This is an example of a multiline string in Python using backslashes.
</pre>
<p>In this example, even though the string is split into three separate lines in the code, it will be treated as a single line when printed, as the backslashes effectively join the lines together.</p>
</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Advanced Multiline Strings</h2>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="566" height="842" src="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-61.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1552842" srcset="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-61.png 566w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...02x300.png 202w" sizes="(max-width: 566px) 100vw, 566px" /></figure>
</div>
<p>In this section, we will explore a<strong>dvanced techniques for creating multiline strings in Python</strong>. These techniques not only improve code readability but also make it easier to manipulate long strings with different variables and formatting options.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">String Literals</h3>
<p>String literals are one way to create multiline strings in Python. You can use triple quotes (<code>'''</code> or <code>"""</code>) to define a multiline string:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">multiline_string = """This is a multiline string
that spans multiple lines."""
</pre>
<p>This method is convenient for preserving text formatting, as it retains the original line breaks and indentation.</p>
<p class="has-base-background-color has-background"><img decoding="async" src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f4a1.png" alt="?" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> <strong>Recommended</strong>: <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/proper-indentation-for-python-multiline-strings/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://blog.finxter.com/proper-indentation-for-python-multiline-strings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proper Indentation for Python Multiline Strings</a></p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Parentheses</h3>
<p>Another approach to create multiline strings is using parentheses. By enclosing multiple strings within parentheses, Python will automatically concatenate them into a single string, even across different lines:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">multiline_string = ("This is a long string that spans " "multiple lines and is combined using " "the parentheses technique.")
</pre>
<p>This technique improves readability while adhering to Python’s <a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PEP 8</a> guidelines for line length.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">+ Operator</h3>
<p>You can also create multiline strings using the <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/python-addition-operator/" data-type="post" data-id="31172" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><code>+</code> operator</a> to concatenate strings across different lines:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">multiline_string = "This is a long string that is " + \ "concatenated using the + operator."
</pre>
<p>While this method is straightforward, it can become cluttered when dealing with very long strings or multiple variables.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">F-Strings</h3>
<p>F-Strings, introduced in Python 3.6, provide a concise and flexible way to embed expressions and variables within strings. They can be combined with the aforementioned techniques to create multiline strings. To create an F-String, simply add an <code>f</code> or <code>F</code> prefix to the string and enclose expressions or variables within curly braces (<code>{}</code>):</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">name = "Alice"
age = 30
multiline_string = (f"This is an example of a multiline string " f"with variables, like {name} who is {age} years old.")
</pre>
<p>F-Strings offer a powerful and readable solution for handling multiline strings with complex formatting and variable interpolation.</p>
<p class="has-base-2-background-color has-background"><img decoding="async" src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f4a1.png" alt="?" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> <strong>Recommended</strong>: <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/python-f-strings-the-ultimate-guide/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://blog.finxter.com/python-f-strings-the-ultimate-guide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Python f-Strings — The Ultimate Guide</a></p>
</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Handling Multiline Strings</h2>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="562" height="842" src="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-62.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1552843" srcset="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-62.png 562w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...00x300.png 200w" sizes="(max-width: 562px) 100vw, 562px" /></figure>
</div>
<p>In Python, there are several ways to create multiline strings, but sometimes it is necessary to split a long string over multiple lines without including newline characters. Two useful methods to achieve this are the <code>join()</code> method and the <code>textwrap</code> module.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Join() Method</h3>
<p class="has-global-color-8-background-color has-background">The <code><a href="https://blog.finxter.com/python-string-join/" data-type="post" data-id="26062" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">join()</a></code> method is a built-in method in Python used to concatenate list elements into a single string. To create a multiline string using the <code>join()</code> method, you can split the long string into a list of shorter strings and use the method to concatenate the list elements without newline characters. </p>
<p>Here is an example:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">multiline_string = ''.join([ "This is an example of a long string ", "that is split into multiple lines ", "using the join() method."
])
print(multiline_string)
</pre>
<p>This code would print the following concatenated string:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">This is an example of a long string that is split into multiple lines using the join() method.
</pre>
<p>Notice that the list elements were concatenated without any newline characters added.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Textwrap Module</h3>
<p class="has-global-color-8-background-color has-background">The <code>textwrap</code> module in Python provides tools to format text strings for displaying in a limited-width environment. It’s particularly useful when you want to wrap a long string into multiple lines at specific column widths. </p>
<p>To use the <code>textwrap</code> module, you’ll need to import it first:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">import textwrap
</pre>
<p class="has-global-color-8-background-color has-background">To wrap a long string into multiple lines without adding newline characters, you can use the <code>textwrap.fill()</code> function. This function takes a string and an optional width parameter, and returns a single string formatted to have line breaks at the specified width. </p>
<p>Here is an example:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">long_string = ( "This is an example of a long string that is " "split into multiple lines using the textwrap module."
)
formatted_string = textwrap.fill(long_string, width=30)
print(formatted_string)
</pre>
<p>This code would print the following wrapped string:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">This is an example of a long
string that is split into
multiple lines using the
textwrap module.
</pre>
<p>The <code>textwrap</code> module provides additional functions and options to handle text formatting and wrapping, allowing you to create more complex multiline strings when needed.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Code Style and PEP8</h2>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="988" height="735" src="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-63.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1552845" srcset="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-63.png 988w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...00x223.png 300w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...68x571.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 988px) 100vw, 988px" /></figure>
</div>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Line Continuation</h3>
<p>In Python, readability is important, and <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/pep-8-guidelines-essential-tips-for-clean-python-code/" data-type="post" data-id="1453452" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PEP8</a> is the widely-accepted code style guide. When working with long strings, it is essential to maintain readability by using multiline strings. One common approach to achieve line continuation is using parentheses:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">long_string = ("This is a very long string that " "needs to be split across multiple lines " "to follow PEP8 guidelines.")
</pre>
<p>Another option is using the line continuation character, the backslash <code>\</code>:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">long_string = "This is a very long string that " \ "needs to be split across multiple lines " \ "to follow PEP8 guidelines."
</pre>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Flake8</h3>
<p>Flake8 is a popular code checker that ensures your code adheres to PEP8 guidelines. It checks for syntax errors, coding style issues, and other potential problems. By using Flake8, you can maintain a consistent code format across your project, improving readability and reducing errors.</p>
<p>To install and run Flake8, use the following commands:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">pip install flake8
flake8 your_script.py
</pre>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">E501</h3>
<p>When using <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/whats-the-best-pep8-python-style-checker/" data-type="post" data-id="4557" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PEP8 code checkers</a> like Flake8, an E501 error is raised when a line exceeds 80 characters. This is to ensure that your code remains readable and easy to maintain. By splitting long strings across multiple lines using line continuation techniques, as shown above, you can avoid E501 errors and maintain a clean and readable codebase.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Working with Collections</h2>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="984" height="659" src="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-64.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1552847" srcset="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-64.png 984w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...00x201.png 300w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...68x514.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 984px) 100vw, 984px" /></figure>
</div>
<p>In Python, working with collections like <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/python-dictionary/" data-type="post" data-id="5232" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dictionaries</a> and <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/python-lists/" data-type="post" data-id="7332" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lists</a> is an important aspect of dealing with long strings spanning multiple lines. Breaking down these collections into shorter, more manageable strings is often necessary for readability and organization.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Dictionaries</h3>
<p>A dictionary is a key-value pair collection, and in Python, you can define and manage long strings within dictionaries by using multiple lines. The syntax for <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/python-dictionary-how-to-create-add-replace-retrieve-remove/" data-type="post" data-id="36698" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">creating a dictionary</a> is with <code>{}</code> brackets:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">my_dict = { "key1": "This is a very long string in Python that " "spans multiple lines in a dictionary value.", "key2": "Another lengthy string can be written " "here using the same technique."
}
</pre>
<p>In the example above, the strings are spread across multiple lines without including newline characters. This helps keep the code clean and readable.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Brackets</h3>
<p>For lists, you can use <code>[]</code> brackets to create a collection of long strings or other variables:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">my_list = [ "This is a long string split over", "multiple lines in a Python list."
] another_list = [ "Sometimes, it is important to use", "newline characters to separate lines.",
]
</pre>
<p>In this example, the first list stores the chunks of a long string as separate elements. The second list showcases the usage of a newline character (<code>\n</code>) embedded within the string to further organize the text.</p>
</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="988" height="738" src="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-65.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1552848" srcset="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-65.png 988w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...00x224.png 300w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...68x574.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 988px) 100vw, 988px" /></figure>
</div>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How can I create a multiline string in Python?</h3>
<p>There are multiple ways to create a multiline string in Python. One common approach is using triple quotes, either with single quotes (<code>'''</code>) or double quotes (<code>"""</code>). For example:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">multiline_string = ''' This is a multiline string '''
</pre>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How to break a long string into multiple lines without adding newlines?</h3>
<p>One way to break a long string into multiple lines without including newlines is by enclosing the string portions within parentheses. For example:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">long_string = ('This is a very long string ' 'that spans multiple lines in the code ' 'but remains a single line when printed.')
</pre>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">What is the best way to include variables in a multiline string?</h3>
<p>The best way to include variables in a multiline string is by using f-strings (formatted string literals) introduced in Python 3.6. For example:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">name = 'John'
age = 30 multiline_string = f''' My name is {name} and I am {age} years old. ''' print(multiline_string)
</pre>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How to manage long string length in Python?</h3>
<p>To manage long string length in Python and adhere to the PEP8 recommendation of keeping lines under 80 characters, you can split the string over multiple lines. This can be done using parentheses as shown in a previous example or through string concatenation:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">long_string = 'This is a very long string ' + \ 'that will be split over multiple lines ' + \ 'in the code but remain a single line when printed.'
</pre>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">What are the ways to write a multi-line statement in Python?</h3>
<p>To create multiline statements in Python, you can use line continuation characters <code>\</code>, parentheses <code>()</code>, or triple quotes <code>'''</code> or <code>"""</code> for strings. For example:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">result = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) multiline_string = """ This is a multiline string """
</pre>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How to use f-string for multiline formatting?</h3>
<p>To use f-strings for multiline formatting, you can create a multiline string using triple quotes and include expressions inside curly braces <code>{}</code>. For example:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">item = 'apple'
price = 1.99 multiline_string = f""" Item: {item} Price: ${price} """ print(multiline_string)
</pre>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Python One-Liners Book: Master the Single Line First!</h2>
<p><strong>Python programmers will improve their computer science skills with these useful one-liners.</strong></p>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-medium is-resized"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07ZY7XMX8" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/3D_cover-1024x944.jpg" alt="Python One-Liners" class="wp-image-10007" width="512" height="472" srcset="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/3D_cover-scaled.jpg 1024w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...00x277.jpg 300w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...68x708.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px" /></a></figure>
</div>
<p><a href="https://amzn.to/2WAYeJE" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" title="https://amzn.to/2WAYeJE"><em>Python One-Liners</em> </a>will teach you how to read and write “one-liners”: <strong><em>concise statements of useful functionality packed into a single line of code. </em></strong>You’ll learn how to systematically unpack and understand any line of Python code, and write eloquent, powerfully compressed Python like an expert.</p>
<p>The book’s five chapters cover (1) tips and tricks, (2) regular expressions, (3) machine learning, (4) core data science topics, and (5) useful algorithms. </p>
<p>Detailed explanations of one-liners introduce <strong><em>key computer science concepts </em></strong>and<strong><em> boost your coding and analytical skills</em></strong>. You’ll learn about advanced Python features such as <em><strong>list comprehension</strong></em>, <strong><em>slicing</em></strong>, <strong><em>lambda functions</em></strong>, <strong><em>regular expressions</em></strong>, <strong><em>map </em></strong>and <strong><em>reduce </em></strong>functions, and <strong><em>slice assignments</em></strong>. </p>
<p>You’ll also learn how to:</p>
<ul>
<li>Leverage data structures to <strong>solve real-world problems</strong>, like using Boolean indexing to find cities with above-average pollution</li>
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</ul>
<p>By the end of the book, you’ll know how to <strong><em>write Python at its most refined</em></strong>, and create concise, beautiful pieces of “Python art” in merely a single line.</p>
<p><strong><a href="https://amzn.to/2WAYeJE" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" title="https://amzn.to/2WAYeJE"><em>Get your Python One-Liners on Amazon!!</em></a></strong></p>
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https://www.sickgaming.net/blog/2023/08/...in-python/
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<div class="kksr-legend" style="font-size: 19.2px;"> 5/5 – (1 vote) </div>
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<p class="has-global-color-8-background-color has-background">To create and manage multiline strings in Python, you can use triple quotes and backslashes, while more advanced options involve string literals, parentheses, the <code>+</code> operator, f-strings, the <code>textwrap</code> module, and <code>join()</code> method to handle long strings within collections like dictionaries and lists.</p>
<p>Let’s get started with the simple techniques first: <img decoding="async" src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f447.png" alt="?" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /></p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Basic Multiline Strings</h2>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="636" height="836" src="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-60.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1552840" srcset="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-60.png 636w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...28x300.png 228w" sizes="(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px" /></figure>
</div>
<p>In Python, there are multiple ways to create <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/how-to-split-a-multi-line-string-into-multiple-lines/" data-type="post" data-id="972297" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multiline strings</a>. This section will cover two primary methods of writing multiline strings: using triple quotes and backslashes.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Triple Quotes</h3>
<p class="has-global-color-8-background-color has-background">Triple quotes are one of the most common ways to create multiline strings in Python. This method allows you to include line breaks and special characters like newline characters directly in the string without using escape sequences. You can use triple single quotes (<code>'''</code>) or triple double quotes (<code>"""</code>) to define a multiline string. </p>
<p>Here is an example:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">multiline_string = '''This is an example
of a multiline string
in Python using triple quotes.''' print(multiline_string)
</pre>
<p>This will print:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">This is an example
of a multiline string
in Python using triple quotes.
</pre>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Backslash</h3>
<p class="has-global-color-8-background-color has-background">Another way to create a multiline string is by using backslashes (<code>\</code>). The backslash at the end of a line helps in splitting a long string without inserting a newline character. When the backslash is used, the line break is ignored, allowing the string to continue across multiple lines. </p>
<p>Here is an example:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">multiline_string = "This is an example " \ "of a multiline string " \ "in Python using backslashes." print(multiline_string)
</pre>
<p>This will print:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">This is an example of a multiline string in Python using backslashes.
</pre>
<p>In this example, even though the string is split into three separate lines in the code, it will be treated as a single line when printed, as the backslashes effectively join the lines together.</p>
</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Advanced Multiline Strings</h2>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="566" height="842" src="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-61.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1552842" srcset="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-61.png 566w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...02x300.png 202w" sizes="(max-width: 566px) 100vw, 566px" /></figure>
</div>
<p>In this section, we will explore a<strong>dvanced techniques for creating multiline strings in Python</strong>. These techniques not only improve code readability but also make it easier to manipulate long strings with different variables and formatting options.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">String Literals</h3>
<p>String literals are one way to create multiline strings in Python. You can use triple quotes (<code>'''</code> or <code>"""</code>) to define a multiline string:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">multiline_string = """This is a multiline string
that spans multiple lines."""
</pre>
<p>This method is convenient for preserving text formatting, as it retains the original line breaks and indentation.</p>
<p class="has-base-background-color has-background"><img decoding="async" src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f4a1.png" alt="?" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> <strong>Recommended</strong>: <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/proper-indentation-for-python-multiline-strings/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://blog.finxter.com/proper-indentation-for-python-multiline-strings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proper Indentation for Python Multiline Strings</a></p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Parentheses</h3>
<p>Another approach to create multiline strings is using parentheses. By enclosing multiple strings within parentheses, Python will automatically concatenate them into a single string, even across different lines:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">multiline_string = ("This is a long string that spans " "multiple lines and is combined using " "the parentheses technique.")
</pre>
<p>This technique improves readability while adhering to Python’s <a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PEP 8</a> guidelines for line length.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">+ Operator</h3>
<p>You can also create multiline strings using the <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/python-addition-operator/" data-type="post" data-id="31172" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><code>+</code> operator</a> to concatenate strings across different lines:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">multiline_string = "This is a long string that is " + \ "concatenated using the + operator."
</pre>
<p>While this method is straightforward, it can become cluttered when dealing with very long strings or multiple variables.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">F-Strings</h3>
<p>F-Strings, introduced in Python 3.6, provide a concise and flexible way to embed expressions and variables within strings. They can be combined with the aforementioned techniques to create multiline strings. To create an F-String, simply add an <code>f</code> or <code>F</code> prefix to the string and enclose expressions or variables within curly braces (<code>{}</code>):</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">name = "Alice"
age = 30
multiline_string = (f"This is an example of a multiline string " f"with variables, like {name} who is {age} years old.")
</pre>
<p>F-Strings offer a powerful and readable solution for handling multiline strings with complex formatting and variable interpolation.</p>
<p class="has-base-2-background-color has-background"><img decoding="async" src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/14.0.0/72x72/1f4a1.png" alt="?" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> <strong>Recommended</strong>: <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/python-f-strings-the-ultimate-guide/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://blog.finxter.com/python-f-strings-the-ultimate-guide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Python f-Strings — The Ultimate Guide</a></p>
</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Handling Multiline Strings</h2>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="562" height="842" src="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-62.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1552843" srcset="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-62.png 562w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...00x300.png 200w" sizes="(max-width: 562px) 100vw, 562px" /></figure>
</div>
<p>In Python, there are several ways to create multiline strings, but sometimes it is necessary to split a long string over multiple lines without including newline characters. Two useful methods to achieve this are the <code>join()</code> method and the <code>textwrap</code> module.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Join() Method</h3>
<p class="has-global-color-8-background-color has-background">The <code><a href="https://blog.finxter.com/python-string-join/" data-type="post" data-id="26062" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">join()</a></code> method is a built-in method in Python used to concatenate list elements into a single string. To create a multiline string using the <code>join()</code> method, you can split the long string into a list of shorter strings and use the method to concatenate the list elements without newline characters. </p>
<p>Here is an example:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">multiline_string = ''.join([ "This is an example of a long string ", "that is split into multiple lines ", "using the join() method."
])
print(multiline_string)
</pre>
<p>This code would print the following concatenated string:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">This is an example of a long string that is split into multiple lines using the join() method.
</pre>
<p>Notice that the list elements were concatenated without any newline characters added.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Textwrap Module</h3>
<p class="has-global-color-8-background-color has-background">The <code>textwrap</code> module in Python provides tools to format text strings for displaying in a limited-width environment. It’s particularly useful when you want to wrap a long string into multiple lines at specific column widths. </p>
<p>To use the <code>textwrap</code> module, you’ll need to import it first:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">import textwrap
</pre>
<p class="has-global-color-8-background-color has-background">To wrap a long string into multiple lines without adding newline characters, you can use the <code>textwrap.fill()</code> function. This function takes a string and an optional width parameter, and returns a single string formatted to have line breaks at the specified width. </p>
<p>Here is an example:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">long_string = ( "This is an example of a long string that is " "split into multiple lines using the textwrap module."
)
formatted_string = textwrap.fill(long_string, width=30)
print(formatted_string)
</pre>
<p>This code would print the following wrapped string:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">This is an example of a long
string that is split into
multiple lines using the
textwrap module.
</pre>
<p>The <code>textwrap</code> module provides additional functions and options to handle text formatting and wrapping, allowing you to create more complex multiline strings when needed.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Code Style and PEP8</h2>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="988" height="735" src="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-63.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1552845" srcset="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-63.png 988w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...00x223.png 300w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...68x571.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 988px) 100vw, 988px" /></figure>
</div>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Line Continuation</h3>
<p>In Python, readability is important, and <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/pep-8-guidelines-essential-tips-for-clean-python-code/" data-type="post" data-id="1453452" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PEP8</a> is the widely-accepted code style guide. When working with long strings, it is essential to maintain readability by using multiline strings. One common approach to achieve line continuation is using parentheses:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">long_string = ("This is a very long string that " "needs to be split across multiple lines " "to follow PEP8 guidelines.")
</pre>
<p>Another option is using the line continuation character, the backslash <code>\</code>:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">long_string = "This is a very long string that " \ "needs to be split across multiple lines " \ "to follow PEP8 guidelines."
</pre>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Flake8</h3>
<p>Flake8 is a popular code checker that ensures your code adheres to PEP8 guidelines. It checks for syntax errors, coding style issues, and other potential problems. By using Flake8, you can maintain a consistent code format across your project, improving readability and reducing errors.</p>
<p>To install and run Flake8, use the following commands:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">pip install flake8
flake8 your_script.py
</pre>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">E501</h3>
<p>When using <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/whats-the-best-pep8-python-style-checker/" data-type="post" data-id="4557" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PEP8 code checkers</a> like Flake8, an E501 error is raised when a line exceeds 80 characters. This is to ensure that your code remains readable and easy to maintain. By splitting long strings across multiple lines using line continuation techniques, as shown above, you can avoid E501 errors and maintain a clean and readable codebase.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Working with Collections</h2>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="984" height="659" src="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-64.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1552847" srcset="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-64.png 984w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...00x201.png 300w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...68x514.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 984px) 100vw, 984px" /></figure>
</div>
<p>In Python, working with collections like <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/python-dictionary/" data-type="post" data-id="5232" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dictionaries</a> and <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/python-lists/" data-type="post" data-id="7332" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lists</a> is an important aspect of dealing with long strings spanning multiple lines. Breaking down these collections into shorter, more manageable strings is often necessary for readability and organization.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Dictionaries</h3>
<p>A dictionary is a key-value pair collection, and in Python, you can define and manage long strings within dictionaries by using multiple lines. The syntax for <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/python-dictionary-how-to-create-add-replace-retrieve-remove/" data-type="post" data-id="36698" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">creating a dictionary</a> is with <code>{}</code> brackets:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">my_dict = { "key1": "This is a very long string in Python that " "spans multiple lines in a dictionary value.", "key2": "Another lengthy string can be written " "here using the same technique."
}
</pre>
<p>In the example above, the strings are spread across multiple lines without including newline characters. This helps keep the code clean and readable.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Brackets</h3>
<p>For lists, you can use <code>[]</code> brackets to create a collection of long strings or other variables:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">my_list = [ "This is a long string split over", "multiple lines in a Python list."
] another_list = [ "Sometimes, it is important to use", "newline characters to separate lines.",
]
</pre>
<p>In this example, the first list stores the chunks of a long string as separate elements. The second list showcases the usage of a newline character (<code>\n</code>) embedded within the string to further organize the text.</p>
</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="988" height="738" src="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-65.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1552848" srcset="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/image-65.png 988w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...00x224.png 300w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...68x574.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 988px) 100vw, 988px" /></figure>
</div>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How can I create a multiline string in Python?</h3>
<p>There are multiple ways to create a multiline string in Python. One common approach is using triple quotes, either with single quotes (<code>'''</code>) or double quotes (<code>"""</code>). For example:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">multiline_string = ''' This is a multiline string '''
</pre>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How to break a long string into multiple lines without adding newlines?</h3>
<p>One way to break a long string into multiple lines without including newlines is by enclosing the string portions within parentheses. For example:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">long_string = ('This is a very long string ' 'that spans multiple lines in the code ' 'but remains a single line when printed.')
</pre>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">What is the best way to include variables in a multiline string?</h3>
<p>The best way to include variables in a multiline string is by using f-strings (formatted string literals) introduced in Python 3.6. For example:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">name = 'John'
age = 30 multiline_string = f''' My name is {name} and I am {age} years old. ''' print(multiline_string)
</pre>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How to manage long string length in Python?</h3>
<p>To manage long string length in Python and adhere to the PEP8 recommendation of keeping lines under 80 characters, you can split the string over multiple lines. This can be done using parentheses as shown in a previous example or through string concatenation:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">long_string = 'This is a very long string ' + \ 'that will be split over multiple lines ' + \ 'in the code but remain a single line when printed.'
</pre>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">What are the ways to write a multi-line statement in Python?</h3>
<p>To create multiline statements in Python, you can use line continuation characters <code>\</code>, parentheses <code>()</code>, or triple quotes <code>'''</code> or <code>"""</code> for strings. For example:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">result = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) multiline_string = """ This is a multiline string """
</pre>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How to use f-string for multiline formatting?</h3>
<p>To use f-strings for multiline formatting, you can create a multiline string using triple quotes and include expressions inside curly braces <code>{}</code>. For example:</p>
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">item = 'apple'
price = 1.99 multiline_string = f""" Item: {item} Price: ${price} """ print(multiline_string)
</pre>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Python One-Liners Book: Master the Single Line First!</h2>
<p><strong>Python programmers will improve their computer science skills with these useful one-liners.</strong></p>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-medium is-resized"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07ZY7XMX8" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/3D_cover-1024x944.jpg" alt="Python One-Liners" class="wp-image-10007" width="512" height="472" srcset="https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/3D_cover-scaled.jpg 1024w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...00x277.jpg 300w, https://blog.finxter.com/wp-content/uplo...68x708.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px" /></a></figure>
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<p><a href="https://amzn.to/2WAYeJE" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" title="https://amzn.to/2WAYeJE"><em>Python One-Liners</em> </a>will teach you how to read and write “one-liners”: <strong><em>concise statements of useful functionality packed into a single line of code. </em></strong>You’ll learn how to systematically unpack and understand any line of Python code, and write eloquent, powerfully compressed Python like an expert.</p>
<p>The book’s five chapters cover (1) tips and tricks, (2) regular expressions, (3) machine learning, (4) core data science topics, and (5) useful algorithms. </p>
<p>Detailed explanations of one-liners introduce <strong><em>key computer science concepts </em></strong>and<strong><em> boost your coding and analytical skills</em></strong>. You’ll learn about advanced Python features such as <em><strong>list comprehension</strong></em>, <strong><em>slicing</em></strong>, <strong><em>lambda functions</em></strong>, <strong><em>regular expressions</em></strong>, <strong><em>map </em></strong>and <strong><em>reduce </em></strong>functions, and <strong><em>slice assignments</em></strong>. </p>
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<li>Understand a wide range of <strong>computer science topics</strong>, including <em>anagrams</em>, <em>palindromes</em>, <em>supersets</em>, <em>permutations</em>, <em>factorials</em>, <em>prime numbers</em>, <em>Fibonacci </em>numbers, <em>obfuscation</em>, <em>searching</em>, and <em>algorithmic sorting</em></li>
</ul>
<p>By the end of the book, you’ll know how to <strong><em>write Python at its most refined</em></strong>, and create concise, beautiful pieces of “Python art” in merely a single line.</p>
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https://www.sickgaming.net/blog/2023/08/...in-python/