[Tut] Python One Line And/Or - Printable Version

[Tut] Python One Line And/Or - Printable Version

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[Tut] Python One Line And/Or - xSicKxBot - 08-23-2020

Python One Line And/Or

<div>How do the Boolean <code>and</code> and <code>or</code> operators work in the context of Python one-liners?
You may know the standard use of the logical operators applied to Boolean values:
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">>>> True and False
False
>>> False or True
True</pre>
But there’s more to these operators that only experts in the art of writing concise <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/python-one-line-x/" title="Python One Line X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Python one-liners</a> know. 
For instance, the following use of the <code>or</code> operator applied to non-Boolean values is little known:
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">>>> 'hello' or 42 'hello'
>>> [] or 42
42</pre>
Similarly, the following use of the and operator often causes confusion in readers of advanced Python one-liners:
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">>>> 'hello' and 42
42
>>> [] and 42
[]</pre>
How do the <code>and</code> and <code>or</code> operator work when applied to non-Boolean operands?
To understand what is going on, you need to look at the definitions of the Boolean operators:
<figure class="wp-block-table is-style-stripes">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Operator</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>a or b</code></td>
<td>Returns <code>b</code> if the expression <code>a</code> evaluates to <code>False</code> using implicit Boolean conversion. If the expression <code>a</code> evaluates to <code>True</code>, the expression <code>a</code> is returned.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>a and b</code></td>
<td>Returns <code>b</code> if the expression <code>a</code> evaluates to <code>True</code> using implicit Boolean conversion. If the expression <code>a</code> evaluates to <code>False</code>, the expression <code>a</code> is returned.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</figure>
Study these explanations thoroughly! The return value is of the same data type of the operands—they only return a Boolean value if the operands are already Boolean!
This optimization is called<a href="https://blog.finxter.com/python-one-line-if-without-else/" title="Python One Line If Without Else" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> short-circuiting</a> and it’s common practice in many programming languages. For example, it’s not necessary to evaluate the result of the second operand of an and operation if the first operand evaluates to <code>False</code>. The whole operation must evaluate to <code>False</code> in this case because the logical and only returns <code>True</code> if both operands are <code>True</code>. 
Python goes one step further using the property of <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/how-to-apply-a-logical-operator-to-all-elements-in-a-python-list/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" title="{AND, OR, NOT} How to Apply Logical Operators to All List Elements in Python?">implicit Boolean conversion.</a> Every object can be implicitly converted to a Boolean value. That’s why you see code like this:
<pre class="EnlighterJSRAW" data-enlighter-language="generic" data-enlighter-theme="" data-enlighter-highlight="" data-enlighter-linenumbers="" data-enlighter-lineoffset="" data-enlighter-title="" data-enlighter-group="">l = []
if l: print('hi')
else: print('bye')
# bye</pre>
You pass a <a href="https://blog.finxter.com/python-lists/" title="The Ultimate Guide to Python Lists" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">list </a>into the if condition. Python then converts the list to a Boolean value to determine which branch to visit next. The empty list evaluates to <code>False</code>. All other lists evaluate to <code>True</code>, so the result is <code>bye</code>. 
Together, short circuiting and implicit Boolean conversion allow the logical operators and and or to be applied to any two Python objects as operands. The return value always is one of the two operands using the short circuiting rules described in the table. 
Try it yourself in our interactive code shell:
 <iframe src="https://trinket.io/embed/python/16da0e0846" width="100%" height="356" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> 
Exercise: Guess the output! Then check if you were right! Create your own crazy operands and evaluate them by executing the code in your browser. 
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